Validity, Factor Analysis and Scale Testing

Convergent Validity: Academic Achievement has strong convergence. Educational Advantage and Social-Alcohol Exposure are borderline because their AVE values…

Content Validity: Relevance agreement is excellent at the scale level, while the lower mean CVR shows that experts were less unanimous about whether every…

Eigenvalues: The first three observed roots exceed one and the fourth does not, which is consistent with a three-dimension solution. The retention decision…

Discriminant Validity: All pairwise HTMT estimates and the reported upper confidence bound are well below conservative references, supporting separation…

Factor Analysis in SPSS: The verified SPSS workflow requests KMO and Bartlett, principal-axis factoring, a fixed three-factor solution supported externally…

Criterion Validity: The engagement index has a moderate association with G3 and useful but imperfect discrimination of the success threshold. The evidence…

Factor Analysis in R: The audited R workflow uses the nine declared variables, checks KMO and Bartlett, retains three factors through parallel analysis…

Exploratory Factor Analysis: Factorability is adequate and parallel analysis supports three factors. The solution is interpretable overall, but TravelAccess…

Fornell Larcker Criterion: Each square-root AVE value exceeds the corresponding absolute factor correlations in the worked model. The criterion therefore…

Factor Loadings: The grade indicators and parental-education indicators show strong dominant loadings. TravelAccess is weak, so Educational Advantage is not…